Disadvantages of Teamwork in a Business Essay Example

Weaknesses of Teamwork in a Business Essay Example Weaknesses of Teamwork in a Business Paper Weaknesses of Teamwork in a Business Paper Once in a while, for certain individuals the working environment in collaboration is a terrible spot to be. So as to work with others and be as productive as possible, you should attempt to acknowledge all the highlights and impulses that the others may have. Moreover, working with others for accomplishing a similar objective, requires being a great deal quiet and in some cases open minded en route. Each individual has their own character, character and obviously affected by their way of life, religion and qualities. Along these lines, it’s ordinary in working groups that conclusion between representatives to differ, however now and again individuals become forceful on the others since they accept that their idea is the right one. What's more, they may would prefer not to hear whatever else about a particular theme and experience issues tolerating thoughts that may vary from their own, this will result as a superfluous interruption which may prompts breakdowns in working connections. Additionally, a proportionate demeanor by at least two colleagues may lead a colleague to conflict with his/her better judgment so as to get away from the fierceness of others or to encourage the culmination of the undertaking. Moreover, there are a few undertakings which have a period limit and a cutoff time. As per the ‘enterprenier. com’ a group here and there needs more opportunity to create a longing result. By and large, groups regularly need to experience an assortment of procedures, for example, part choice, association and socialization so as to finish the main job. Hence, groups need to buckle down enough to complete the task proficiently and on time so as to get an acceptable outcome. mindtools. com/pages/article/newTMM_84. htm http://smallbusiness. chron. com/disservices collaboration working environment 1937. html

Characteristics of a Good Research Problem

An examination issue is an explanation that gives the setting to an exploration study.As expressed by Brewer and Hughes, (2005).â€Å"Research issues show holes in the extension or the conviction of our knowledge† (Brewer and Hughes, 2005, p. 39).They point to hazardous wonders, watched occasions that are confusing as far as our presently acknowledged thoughts, or flow thoughts that are tested by new theories (Dissertation Mentoring Services, 2013).The research issue is the beginning of uncovering and presenting the issue that the exploration will close with an answer. Further, as indicated by Ellis and Levy (2008) the examination issue is the underlying stage in the logical strategy. The procedure that is used ought to be pertinent for the difficult that directs the exploration. The strategy yields the results of the examination, which thus creates the help required to encourage the discoveries (Ellis and Levy, 2008). The motivation behind this paper is to look at the attribu tes of an exploration problem.The center is around the components of what comprises a researchable issue, the segments of an all around shaped Statement of Research Problem, just as what establishes a sensible hypothetical system for the need of the examination. As expressed by Leedy and Ormrod, (2005) â€Å"The inquire about issue is the pivot around which the entire research exertion spins (Leedy and Ormrod, 2005, p. 49). † Viable research can't be regarded significant without an all around characterized comprehension of why the exploration has been performed. There are a few parts that make research vital, for example, the exploration should be researchable and reasonable in size.Other qualities incorporate the level of how the examination will impact future research and different analysts by whether the discoveries will make a commitment to the assortment of information, the clarification of the information and have any kind of effect for other people (Dissertation101 Men toring Services, 2013). Impact of the exploration. Great research should propel the field where it is intended for just as expand on the flow collection of accessible research. The effect doesn't need to be tremendous, yet it must be recognizable. The investigation ought to uncover how the scientist means to take an alternate perspective and additionally direction.According to Leedy and Ormrod (2010) the examination should coordinate the way of thinking in various discernments, just as rouse further research to be led as it identifies with the point (Leedy and Ormrod, 2010). The headway ought to reflect how the new approachs will be utilized, alongside the other current work, to assist with bettering arrive at a resolution so as to take care of the issue (Brewer and Hunter, 2006). The issue is researchable and reasonable in size. It is basic to choose a theme that is feasible and that will permit numerous chances to lead satisfactory essential research.Limitations, for example, the accessibility of answers ought to likewise be viewed as when thinking about an examination issue. Also, time and costs are of concern. Taking into account to what extent it will take to lead the examination is significant as is whether the specialist has enough foundation information to do the exploration, which may cause delays. The spending plan is a central point and thinking about the sorts of errands that will be required, any paid collaborators, particular gear, or programming that should be made as well as procured will help in evaluating the measure of assets that will be expected to lead the research.Explanation of the dataSince investigate requires information, it is significant during the arranging that the specialist breaks down in advance whether any information identified with the exploration issue can be delivered. In the event that not, at that point the exploration issue and the inquiry may should be changed. The choice of whether to utilize subjective or quantitati ve information is significant and dependent on the kind of research. When the information has been gathered, the analyst must have an approach to impart the results.The information must be sorted out such that it blends the current information with the new information to decide the quality dependent on the rules for gathering the information. Segments of a Statement of Research Problem Essentially, the difficult explanation gives the premise to the exploration. The announcement of the examination issue mirrors the general worry that prompts the particular issue and should be truthful and unmistakably expressed. Appropriately, it must be a short exact portrayal, which sets the reason for the issue to be studied.It recognizes and expresses the hidden issues, assuming any and traces the speculations, alongside the examination questions (Dissertation101 Mentoring Services, 2013). Exact, verifiable and plainly expressed. Analyst try to respond to an inquiry or to discover an answer for a n issue. Giving authentic data to present the difficult will change the point of view of what individuals think or think about the issue. Also the exploration ought to address the writing that is pervasive and to what is absent from this literature.Therefore, an announcement of the difficult should be definitely expressed in a couple of sentences that traces the issue of the examination. The announcement of the issue ought to likewise address the inquiry (Levy and Ellis, 2008). As expressed by Levy and Ellis, (2008) â€Å"The issue proclamation is the announcement of the issue and the argumentation for its suitability. It should address each of the six inquiries, what, how, where, when, why, and who (Levy and Ellis, 2008, p. 27)†. Fundamental sub-problems.Often times, inquire about issues are too critical or convoluted be tackled without separating them into littler parts. The pieces of the large issue are known as the sub-issues. The sub-issues make up a researchable segment that will shape together to approach the summation of the fundamental issue. Division of the principle issue is the fourth quality of formal research (Leedy and Ormrod, 2005). Introducing a theory or research questions. The specialist must set up a theory identified with the desires what will be valid for the outcomes and finishes of the study.The look into issue, the objectives, and the related research questions or potentially theories are weaved in that an examination objective is the principle focal point of the exploration that will be utilized to address the issue. Also, examine questions help to streamline the objectives into unmistakable inquiries that the scientist might want replied (Creswell, 2005). As indicated by Leedy and Ormrod (2005) by acquiring the responses to the exploration questions, the objectives of the examination will be fulfilled and an effect in regards to taking care of the issue has been made (Leedy and Ormrod, 2005).There must be a conspicuous relatio nship between the responses to the exploration questions and the exploration issue inspiring the investigation (Ellis and Levy, 2008). A Problem Statement depends on an exhaustive survey of the important writing and progressing research. As expressed by Leedy and Ormrod, (2005) â€Å"one basic technique is to discover what things are as of now thought about your subject of intrigue; little can be picked up by wasting time (Leedy and Ormrod, 2005, p. 51). † This gives the premise to a hypothetical structure for the establishments and value of the examination problem.Theoretical Framework for the StudyTheoretical system is the hypothesis which illuminates and explains the issue to be inquired about. The hypothesis will likewise be utilized to watch the outcomes. New hypotheses take care of research issues by clarifying illogical events and by superseding the vulnerability of more established speculations. The momentum hypothesis coordinates specialists in making and imparting r esearch issues. In deciding if and in what regards a hypothesis is dangerous, analysts consider the setting of collected hypothetical and test knowledge.The speculations that give off an impression of being testing when seen in that setting are then inquired about (Ellis and Levy, 2008). While the discoveries of research might be startling, the exploration itself is arranged. It is grounded in a hypothesis. There ought to be a hypothetical association between the issue controlling the examination and the exploration that is being coordinated to address that issue (Ellis and Levy, 2008).ConclusionA research issue proclamation is a succinct depiction of an issue or challenge that doesn't right now have a satisfactory arrangement accessible, along these lines, making it deserving of research. A difficult articulation alludes to an issue that is centered around by the subject. It is, basically, a circumstance that needs an answer. A very much imparted issue drives the exploration. An an nouncement of the examination issue must be explicit yet concise and not something that alludes to a separated occurrence.It must be researchable and sensible while tending to the sub-issues and making a speculation and research questions. The announcement of the issue ought to present how the exploration creates from past hypothesis and how it might have the option to add to the improvement of new hypothesis where to make progressions, understanding that at last, the motivation behind research is to add to the information on how the world works in our mission to improve and grow our comprehension.

5 Best PayPal Alternatives For Your Online Transactions

5 Best PayPal Alternatives For Your Online Transactions Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!5 Best PayPal Alternatives For Your Online TransactionsUpdated On 20/04/2018Author : Chitraparna SinhaTopic : PayPalShort URL : https://hbb.me/2j6lz2n CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogWe all use PayPal, then why best PayPal alternatives? Lets find out. Without any doubt, its the most popular online payment method. PayPal allows users to make transactions all over the world with ease. PayPal’s ease of operation and high integration has made it very popular among both individuals and big business companies.But there are still a few downsides to PayPal, which often leave users annoyed and compelled. These downsides include country based restrictions, putting payments on hold, high transaction fee and no support for some specific countries.Best PayPal Alternatives You Can Also ConsiderIf you are disappointed by any of these downsides of PayPal or if you want to switch to another online payment method then you have ended up on the right post.As in this post, I have prepared a list of 5 best PayPal alternatives (or PayPal competitors?) which you can switch to make online transactions. Sit back, relax and check out this list on 5 of the best PayPal Alternatives.1. PayoneerIn the recent times, Payoneer has gained a lot of popularity among Internet business marketers, freelancers, and individuals. Payoneer can be used to receive payments across the globe.Payoneer provides you with very different options to receive funds. You can transfer funds through global transfers, local bank transfers or through Payoneer reloadable credit card.Within the US, the purchase transaction fee or PayPal is free and outside the US, it is up to 3% of the transaction amount. Signing up for Payoneer is absolutely free, and once you have done a transaction of $100, you will get $25 as a bonus.2. Google WalletGoogle Wallet has been recently introduced to the internet as a very reliable way of receiving and sending money.Google Wallet can be used to store debit cards, credit cards, gift cards and loyalty cards. Google Wallet offers very tight integration with Google Accounts and is monitored for fraud 24 x 7.Google Wallet charges a rate of 2.9% for debit cards. The only noticeable downside of Google Wallet according to me is its availability being limited to the United States at the moment.3. SkrillSkrill is yet another amazing alternative to PayPal, which was previously known as Moneybookers. Skrill lets its users make online money transactions and provides them with the ability to shop online.Skrill supports over 200 countries and transactions can be done in up to 40 currencies. Skrill charges a transaction fee between 1.7% and 2.9% based on the size of the transaction.Skrill also offers prepaid master card which is known to work on large numbers of shop worldwide. The major reasons to opt for Skrill as an alternative payment method to PayPal is its low transaction fees and high security.4. PayzaPayza is an online payment method which was formerly known as AlertPay. With Payza, you can make money transactions in up to 190 countries.Payza offers two types of accounts to its users. You can either create a free account or opt for a business account according to your need. Payza charges a transaction fee of 2.5% which is comparatively lower than that of Paypal.Payza supports credit cards and debit cards from almost all of the recognized countries. If you want to add funds to your Payza account, you can do it with your credit card or by bank transfer.Payza is a great alternative to PayPal for both freelance marketers and individuals.5. DwollaDwolla is a recently introduced online payment method and a great alternative to PayPal.Unlike other online payment methods, Dwolla doesn’t require you to add a debit card or credit card to your user account but in turn, it asks you to link your bank account to itself to send and receive payments. If you are doing transaction under $10 then it will be absolutely free otherwise, Dwolla charges a flat fee of 25 cents.So, this was a list of some of the PayPal alternatives. There are plenty of other alternatives to PayPal also, but I believe that the above 5 fall in the top category of PayPal alternatives.If you think I left out any great PayPal Alternative then mention the names in the comments section below.

Every Country Economic Growth Is Depends Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 953 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Different writer was given different aspects about the bank. Now-a-days the modern bank has been performing number of functions; it has become very challenging to give an exact definition of a bank. There is some common and important used definitions of a bank are given below:- A commercial banker is a seller in money and substitutes for money, such as bill or checks of exchange. It also provides a variety of financial service. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Every Country Economic Growth Is Depends Finance Essay" essay for you Create order These finance companies have established to role in various areas such as hire purchase, housing, finance and leasing. These companies have also allowed doing the capital market transaction such as share buying and selling, portfolio management, custodial services and market making. when this bank was registered as a joint venture companies operation. Today the Bank is leading in a part of standard charted group and also this company has 75% of ownership with 25% shared purchased by the Nepalese public. The bank is having own enjoyment of having the largest share in their hand and status of big international bank currently operation in Nepal. financial company in the country. They opened 16 points of representation branch and 17 ATMs all over the country and they have 350 local staff in Standard Chartered Bank Nepal Ltd. They are providing good service for customer through a domestic network. In addition, through the global network of standard charted group, this gives the bank to do transaction in international banking in a Nepal country. This company makes the public to easy to do transaction domestic or internationally Nepal Investment Bank Limited (NIBL), previous NIBL was the name of Nepal Indosuez Bank Ltd. this bank was established in 1986 as a joint venture between French and Nepalese partners. The French partner was holding 50% capital of NIBL and was credit Agricole Indosuez., a subsidiary of one of the large banking group in the world. On April 2002 Agricole Indosuez was divest the mind the sell the shares and group of bankers, professional and some of the industrials and business man acquire the 50% of his share. Then after the name of bank has been changed Nepal Indosuez Bank Ltd to Nepal Investment Bank Ltd. From the general board meeting, Nepal Rastra Bank and Company Registered office with the following shareholding structure. The company group is holding 50% of the capital Rastriya Banijya Bank holding 15% of the Capital Rastriya Beema Sansthan is holding 15% of the capital. The remaining 20% of capital owned by general public Risk and uncertainty are an important part of an investment decision. General scenario, higher risk mean higher return. Risk is defined as Websters as a hazard; exposure to loss or injury. Thus, risk refers to the chance that some negative event will occur. It anybody engage in skydiving, such people are taking chance with his life skydiving is risky. In the most basic sense, risk is the chance of having a big financial loss or having big financial profit. Assets having greater chance of loss are representing a more risky than those with lesser chances of loss. More formally, the term risk is used interchangeably with uncertainty to refer to the variability of returns associated with a given asset. Risk in holding securities is generally related with the possibility that realized returns will be less than the returns that were expected. The source of such disappointment is the failure of dividends (interest) and / or the securitys price to materialize as expected. The market risk is known as the systematic risk. It related to the market as a whole and arises from the tendency of stock returns to fluctuate with the market returns. Systematic risk is that portion of total changeability in return affected by market factors that simultaneously affected the prices of all securities. It cannot be diversifiable away. Thus Beta measure non-diversifiable risk. Beta shows how the price of a security moves to the moves of market forces. In effect, higher beta means the market is high sensitive and low beta means the market is less sensitive. Beta is calculating by the help of relating the returns on security with the returns for the market. Beta can be positive or negative. But nearly all bets are positive. The word Research is composed of two syllables, re and search. The dictionary defines the former as a prefix meaning again, a new or over again and the later as a verb meaning to examine closely and carefully, to test and try, or to probe. Together they form a noun describing a careful, systematic, patient study and investigation in some field of knowledge, undertaken to establish facts or principles. (Grinnell 1993; 4) According to Grinnell: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ÃƒÆ'†¹Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"research is a structured inquiry that utilizes acceptable scientific methodology to solve problems and creates new knowledge that is generally applicable.ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢(1993) and Lundberg (1942) draw a parallel between the social research process, which is considered scientific, and the process that we use in our daily lives. Research is one of the ways of collecting accurate, sound and reliable information about the effectiveness of your interventions, thereby providing you with evidence of its effectiveness. As service providers and professionals, we use techniques and procedures developed by research methodologists to consolidate, improve, develop, refine and advance clinical aspects of our practice to serve our clients better. Return on two perfectly correlated stocks, these two stocks would be moving up and down together and a portfolio consisting of two such stocks would be exactly the same as risky as the individual stocks. Most of the stocks are correlated with the risk, but not perfectly. On average the returns on two stocks would lie on the range of +0.4 and+0.75 under this condition combining stocks into portfolios reduce risk but does not eliminated

William Golding s Lord Of The Flies - 1151 Words

Man over Memory Can you precisely remember what happened to you exactly five years ago? The odds are that you cannot. If you have forgotten that, what else have you forgotten? Lord of the Flies is a book which places ordinary people in an unordinary situation. Schoolboys are stranded on an island in the middle of nowhere, alone. They quickly realize that having no adults means no rules. It is a novel of forgetfulness. Facts are suppressed, people are forgotten, and far too many are willing to look the other way. William Golding’s Lord of the Flies illustrates how man chooses to ignore unpleasant things through his characters’ obliviousness to the truth to demonstrate how mankind lives his entire life in denial because of his subconscious desire to preserve his own well-being. Man will ignore certain aspects of a person until the desire to survive forces him to acknowledge the truth. Roger is one of the choirboys on the island. After being relieved of fire duty, he heads to the beach where he sees some of the younger boys, littluns. Roger and Maurice kick over their sand castles, and one of the littluns, Percival, receives an eyeful of sand. Afterwards, Golding writes, â€Å"[Roger] sat there, crooning to himself and throwing sand at an imaginary Percival† (61). Roger has made his sadistic thoughts obvious through his actions, yet none of the boys do anything to reprimand him. That is only because they have yet to become the target of his actions. If something is not happeningShow MoreRelatedWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1263 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper: Lord of the Flies William Golding, the author of Lord of The Flies, included adults for only a brief time throughout the novel, playing only a minor role at the end. The absence of adults exemplifies how children require the structure and guidance that only parents can provide, symbolically, how nations newly freed from the British Empire’s control would be better off under English colonial power to survive and maintain order before deteriorating into anarchy. The adults of theRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies752 Words   |  4 Pagespossible, so a five year old who teases others to Adolf Hitler would be classified as perpetrators of evil. Lord of the Flies is a fictional story about a group of British boys who get stranded on island. The author of the novel Lord of the Flies, William Golding, showcases Zimbardo’s ideas in his story. Zimbardo did not form his theory Through the character development of Jack and Roger, Golding illustrates the intensity of evil when one is impacted by situational forces. Before Ralph and Piggy unifiesRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1869 Words   |  8 PagesEssay Outline – Unit 11 Introductory paragraph: Topic Sentence (includes the book title and author) The novel Lord of the flies by William Golding is a type of literature that revolves around an anti-war theme. Main Points that will be discussed in the essay presented in order of weakest to strongest: 1. Lord of the flies was written during WWII and one of the manifestations is the dead man in the parachute presumably a victim of a bombed plane. 2. Faction among the group which is similar toRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1282 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Golding, the author of Lord of The Flies, included adults for only a brief time throughout the novel, playing only a minor role at the end. The absence of adults exemplifies how children require the structure and guidance that only parents can provide, this can be seen how nations newly freed from the British Empire’s control would be better off under English colonial power to survive and maintain order before deteriorating into anarchy. The adults of the novel can be seen as the motherRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1389 Words   |  6 PagesA response to Lord Of The Flies Imagine an airplane crash. The heat of flames scorch passengers’ backs in addition to the wind burning their faces. Lucky, this crash was over water and near an island so most passengers survive, with an exception of the airplane staff and the pilot. Even though alive, many are in fits of fear and panic, and others are in shock. After hurried deliberation, a lone member of the group is elected leader in hopes that they will calm the panic, and make the hard, but necessaryRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1315 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Golding’s novel Lord of the Flies was set somewhere on the timeline of World War Two, a war between the Axis and the Allies lasting from 1939 until 1945. Although WWII was fought between many countries in the Pacific and Europe, the main contender was Germany, led by Adolf Hitler. Hitler and his followers, the Nazis, changed the lives of everyone when they attempted to strengthen Germany and brought out all the evil and ugli ness in the world. After WWII, nothing would be able to change theRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies886 Words   |  4 Pageshow to live their lives not knowing what s right or wrong. Everyone has a different opinion towards different things. Some say gun laws should be banned while some say they want a gun in their house. In Lord of the Flies by William Golding there are clear aspects of leadership shown within the characterization between Jack and Ralph. I m chief, said Ralph, because you chose me. And we were going to keep the fire going. Now you run after food- (Golding 150). There is evident conflict between theRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1672 Words   |  7 Pages The Different Social Cognition of the Similar Stories — Synthesis essay of Lord of the Flies Final Project With the development of British culture, the format of Desert Island Literature has an inevitable connection with the geographical and culture heritage of the development of British history. Generally speaking, the setting of such literature is basically around an isolated island which is far from human society. The characters usually follow a primary lifestyle so that illustrate the courageRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1745 Words   |  7 Pages1954 novel, Lord of the Flies by Nobel Prize-winner William Golding is a dystopian allegory indicative of vast aspects of the human condition. Set in the midst of a nuclear war, the text details a group of marooned British school boys as they regress to a primitive state. Free from the rules and structures of civilisation and society, the boys split into factions - some attempting to maintain order and achieve common goals; others seeking anarchy and violence. The novel is based on Golding’s experienceRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1776 Words   |  8 PagesMaybe the beast is us (Golding 85), in the novel, Lord of the Flies, by author William Golding, Golding uses the entire book as social commentary. The social aspect he focuses on is man’s ability to be evil and destructive. William Golding uses three specific literary devices to convey this idea; characterization, diction and symbolism. Lord of the Flies explains man s capacity for evil which is revealed in his inherent human nature, which he cannot control or ignore. The hidden evil within

Who Needs A Father - 1869 Words

Who Needs a Father? There is not a clear cut way to raise a child as a father, but society has seemed to diminish the importance of being one. The number of single-parent households are at a record high, and the mother is often stuck with the children receiving little if any child support from the father. Fathering is more than a job, it is a lifelong commitment which many males have lost sight of. According to the 2006 Census, twenty-three percent of children under eighteen do not live with their biological father and the number is climbing. The definition of the word â€Å"family† is changing constantly, but it is clear that fathers make a huge impact on their child’s life (Hartwell-Walker, 2013). Statistically speaking, a father in the household is seen as a good thing, but what does being an involved father actually consist of and how does child maltreatment happen? Fathers are not all the same, and there are a variety of ways to be an effective father utilizing different forms of childrearing. Understanding what makes a father effective is beneficial for both the child and the parent(s). Men are not always educated on the importance and irreplaceable role they play in a child’s life. Some men view themselves as an â€Å"extra set of hands† around the house, and do not hold high enough value on their ability to nurture and care for their child. It is critical to educate men on the importance to invest into the family instead of diminishing the importance of their role. ThereShow MoreRelatedPaternity Leave : A Right For All Male Workers903 Words   |  4 Pagesabsence from work granted to a father after or shortly before the birth of his child. Usually, pregnan t women who are nearly due for delivery are able to take parental leave from their employment, what about men? Shouldn’t they have the ability to go on leave for the birth of their children? Paternity leave should be granted for male workers for many reasons. This essay will consider some of those reasons, such as if the partner is not well after the birth of the child, needs care and supervision or ifRead MoreA Boy Growing Up Without A Father1432 Words   |  6 Pagesgrowing up without a father has an additional obstacle to overcome†. (Wylie and Delgado, page 644). A boy growing up without a father already has an obstacle to overcome because clearly he must face all of the various issues that surface when being raised without a father figure in his life. What negative influence does the lack of a father figure have on young boys growing up? Statistics show that young boys who are raised in a home without their father or without a father figure are very capableRead Mor eDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller844 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstanding on reality. These changes come from seeing the truth about his father, Willy Loman. The acts of Willy Loman altered the way Biff Loman perceived not only the world, but his father. The false guidance Willy gave Biff also led to Biff not having the easiest life after high school. Biff s concept that being well liked in society is what made you successful is shattered, when he ultimately finds out that his father is just the opposite. The reader can note in many flashbacks that WillyRead MoreEssay about I Wanted to Share My Father’s World580 Words   |  3 Pagesparenthood is on the rise in homes today, children still often have a father role in their life. It does not matter who the part is filled by: a father, uncle, older brother, grandfather, etc...; in almost all cases, those relationships between the father (figure) and child have lasting impacts on the youth the rest of their lives. In â€Å"I Wanted to Share My Father’s World,† Jimmy Carter tells the audience no matter the situation with a father, hold onto every moment. As Carter opens the poem, he tellsRead MoreFathers Rights622 Words   |  3 PagesApril 6, 2011 Why Fathers should have Equal Rights? Due to problems arising out of bitter divorces, custody, and support battles fathers are ostracize out of their children’s life. Fathers are often looked at as the bad person when things go wrong and being the blame. Fathers are just as responsible for the child being born as the mother. Over the years fathers continue to fight for equal rights, mothers are looked at as the victims and often make false statements about the fathers to suit their ownRead MoreWomen s Role As A Role Model1128 Words   |  5 Pageshusband and play the role of the mother and father. Some guys do not deserve these hard working women, but it does not mean that the woman needs to raise a family alone. Fathers and husbands are still needed because it does not only concern the wife, but the child as well, such as being a role model, a supporter, and an extra pair of hands. Fathers are still needed in a traditional household because the mother cannot play the role of a male. To be a father is more than just the title and gender. AnyoneRead MoreFather Parental Rights And The Child s Social Development1646 Words   |  7 PagesFather Parental Rights Introduction We are used to the situation when the rights of children and parents in families are clearly defined. We promote widely accepted beliefs, that parents are responsible for their children, and are obliged to take care of children, providing them with home, food, clothes, and various social opportunities. Traditional family will imply the existence of a happy married couple with at least two children, who possess sufficient freedom and areRead MoreThe Is Not The Physical Act Of Planting A Seed862 Words   |  4 PagesWhen a girl grows up, she marries her father. The meaning of this statement is not in a literal sense; it is a figurative saying meaning that women marry men who are similar to their fathers. A popular belief is that a mother is a figure of paramount influence in comparison to a father in a woman’s life. A father’s relationship with his daughter will affect her intimate relationships with other men. This relationship holds essential knowledge she will need, even if she will not date men in the futureRead MoreThe Debate Between Leadership And Christian Groups1239 Words   |  5 PagesTHE leader. Even Jesus was not prepared to do anything before He heard from His Father. Is Jesus a leader? Again, let s go to the Bible: They will fight against the Lamb; but the Lamb, together with his called, chosen, and faithful followers, will defeat them, because he is Lord of lords and King of kings. (Revelation 17:14 GNB) AND this is what it says about the Holy Spirit: When, however, the Spirit comes, who reveals the truth about God, he will lead you into all the truth. He will not speakRead MoreThe Responsibilities of Fatherhood Essay1307 Words   |  6 PagesEconomic and social statistical data rarely differentiate men who are not fathers from those who are fathers. Again, very little information concerning fatherhood and what fathers want is available to people. Written literature on fatherhood and written accounts about fatherhood from men who are fathers are also relatively rare. There is certainty that the environment around fatherhood has increasingly changed when it comes to domestic domain, employment and breadwinning, the structure of the family

Rubbish Has No Value free essay sample

TMA02: â€Å"Rubbish has no value â€Å" In this essay i want to discuss and analyse rubbish and it’s value. Rubbish has been described as something with no value, however value is a complex term and does not complete a clear picture of rubbish. To define rubbish clearly I want to discuss the relationship between rising affluence and consumer society and how they have produced more rubbish. Also what rubbish means to different people and who are the winners and losers in the mass generation of rubbish.I will also look at the sustainability of affluent societies, its effect of the environment and why negative externalities should be but are often not considered in the valuation of goods. Using Thompsons theory of rubbish(1979) and Baumans theory of consumption (1988) i hope to provide a detailed analysis of the pros and contra for the argument that â€Å" Rubbish has no value â€Å" To discuss rubbish and its value we need to discuss consumption and how and why consumpt ion has grown in society. In contemporary society people are not longer solely defined by what they do but more so by what do they consume.Consumption has a huge part to play in socialisation in term of what things we consume say about us and how we are trying to portray ourselves also. A question that was often asked when someone met someone new was â€Å" What do you do ? â€Å" , more so now the question is â€Å" What are you into ? â€Å" . ( Hetherington , 2009, p. 23 ) Generally people consume to define who they are but also some consumption is out of necessity for generally day to day living. E. g once a car was seen as a luxury but now for some it is a necessity for work. Bauman’s theory of consumption (Bauman, cited in Hetherington,2009, p. 25 ) talks about the seduced and the repressed in contemporary Western consumer society. People in a high affluent consumer society have more disposable income and can consume more to portray a social status of themselves and others. These people are known as the seduced and they are large consumers and produce the most waste and they are generally the winners in today’s society . They are seen to be valued in society and are socially included and have a valued identity.The opposite to which is they repressed whom consume less are often socially excluded and have devalued identities. People can move in an out of these groups depending on their income and circumstances. Advertising and social norms put pressure on people to become part of the seduced group whom consume more. Women entering the work place, households having dual incomes, the rise in the supermarket whom have low cost items allows people to consume more on smaller incomes and the decline in repair services are all factors in the rise of consumption and therefore more rubbish is produced.Now that we know some of the reason why rubbish has increased in modern society we can look more closely at the value of rubbish. I opened this essay saying that rubbish is often referred to something with no value. Rubbish sometimes can go from being worthless to being of worth again. We can use Thompsons theory ( Thompson, cited in Brown, 2009 p. 123 ) to examine this . Rubbish can be often seen as something offensive or not wanted. Take for example household waste , it has to be disposed of or it would cause offence.General house hold waste is worth nothing to an individual , however to a company who collects this waste and gets paid to do so is big business. Not only are they providing a service but are also recycling some of the raw materials to be reprocessed. To a household plastics and glass are worthless, however when a company deals in such huge numbers it is worth their while to process. So like the old saying what is one man’s trash is another man’s gold. Recycling increased from 1 % in 83/84 to 31% in 06/07 per person per year in the UK . ( Defra, 2007, Table 4 , cited in Brown, 2009 , p. 17 )A modern example is the mobile phone say an older model that is relatively worthless, there are ads on tv like Mazuma mobie with it’s slogan â€Å" Money for your old phone , Mazuma mobile. com â€Å" Obviously this firm is able to succeed in a viable business by providing a service of buying old broken mobile phones. We at home cannot dispose of them in a bin legally and they would be left around otherwise so this is a win win situation for Mazuma and the consumer. In this example we see how something is worth something and nothing at the same time.Thompson’s theory categorizes objects in three sections as follows. Objects planned for ordinary use have transient value as the value tends to drop over time, e. g mobile phone. Then a category of virtually zero value e. g a broken mobile phone and lastly a durable category whose value increases over time e. g art , jewellery and collectors items. ( Thompson , cited in Brown, 2009, p. 122 ) Thompsons theory shows how an item can sometimes move from a transient value through zero value and move onto to become a durable value item.This shows how something can turn to rubbish or zero value and come out the other side over time to a valuable (durable) item which is not considered rubbish. E. g maybe a painting from an artist who is not famous at time of the sale of the painting and over time society dictates the market price for various reasons such as supply and demand and fame of the artist. Clearly shows here something that was once rubbish or zero value is now of value. Obviously not all items go through this phase and it would it very hard to predict what items do for various reasons but majority would be disposed at zero value stage.One undervaluation of rubbish i want to look at is the environmental cost of affluent society on rubbish and the sustainability of modern society. Negative externalities such as environmental costs are often not considered in the value of goods produced and what happens them when disposed of. If this externality was considered the price of items would go up considerably due to the environmental costs of rubbish. Affluent countries are often the winners in rubbish disposal as they can pay poorer countries with less environmental laws to dispose of their rubbish.However greater education on recycling has been in effect for years now and we are recycling more than ever. We should follow the example of ROHS (Restrication of Hazardous Substances) payment that is paid on purchase of items on tvs , computers etc . . ( www. epa. ie , RoHS Enforcement GuidanceDocument ,Version 1 – issued May 2006 ) If these costs were paid on food items and general items more focus and money would be spent on disposal of waste and how we can make it safer and sustain our environment.

Divorce Essays (1064 words) - Family Law, Childhood, Parenting

Divorce It seems that more and more marriages are falling apart everyday. Divorce rates seen to be climbing astronomically. In so many of these divorces there are children to be considered. What is best for the child? Who will get custody? Will the child be scarred for life? Its really hard to say. The overall effects on our children vary according to the factors involved. I am going to attempt to discuss a few of the problems that can occur with children of divorced families and what parents can do to ease the transition. I will limit this discussion to infantile age thru early elementary aged children. Lets start with understanding the parents role concerning being together or being apart. Obviously, two parents can provide children with far more guidance, sustenance, and protection than one, and are more likely to prevent the kinds of psychological disturbance that may result from deprivations of these necessities ...When one parent is temporarily absent from the intact home, it is likely that the other will be available to ratify the childs needs in a loving way. This is not so readily the situation in the divorced home. ( Gardner, 1977). In this statement he illustrates the importance of having both parents together. This can be emphasized further with a statement from Buchanan, Maccoby, and Dornbusch (1996). Childrens parents are their anchors. Parents provide the structure for childrens daily lives, and even when parents are not functioning very well, children depend on them for a sense of security that enables them to cope with their developmental tasks. When one parent leaves the home, the child realizes a shattering possibility; parents are not always there. It is not hard to realize that divorce can have a devastating effect on children. Lets brake it down by age groups; infants, toddlers, and so on. DeBorg (1997) states that infants do not understand conflict, but may react to changes in parents energy level and mood. She goes on to list possible reactions like loss of appetite; upset stomach - may spit up more; more fretful or anxious. She says that parents should keep their normal routines, and stay calm in front of the child. Toddlers understand that a parent has moved away, but doesnt understand why. I know that my son was very confused. He was only two when my wife and I separated. He seemed to display allot of anger and insecurity. DeBorg says that a toddlers reactions could include more crying, clinging; problems sleeping; regression to infant behaviors; and worry when parent is out of sight. My son, his name is Cody, definitely fits this profile. He cried constantly. It seemed that nothing would calm him down. If you got him to go to sleep, good luck keeping him there. As far as infant behaviors go, his biggest problems were wanting to be rocked like when he was younger and trying to go back to the bottle. DeBorg say to allow some return to infantile behaviors, but set clear limits. Easier said than done I can assure you. Pres choolers dont understand what separation or divorce means, they realize one parent is not as active in his or her life (DeBorg, 1997). Their reactions could include pleasant and unpleasant fantasies; feeling uncertain about the future; feeling responsible; and they may hold their anger inside. Deborgs first strategy listed for parents is to encourage the child to talk. This makes sense if you are concerned with straitening out these issues of anger and feeling responsible. It seems to be the only way to really understand your childs problems. Gardner (1977, p. 42) talks of something called the oedipal phase. He explains that this occurs between ages three and five. This is the period... when a child develops a strong possessive attachment to the opposite-sexed parent. Gardner says that at times the attraction can take on mildly sexual overtones toward the opposite-sexed parent..., but the sexual desires are generally not for intercourse, the child being too young to appreciate that act. He explains that if a boy begins sleeping in Mothers bed thoughout the night, an a continual basis, the likelihood that oedipal problems will arise is great... this holds true for

Coke vs Pepsi Race for higher Market Share in Pakistan

Coke vs Pepsi Race for higher Market Share in Pakistan Free Online Research Papers This research report is basically a comparative study of two well known competitors in beverage industry of Pakistan which are Pepsi Cola and Coca Cola. The primary purpose of report is to find out which company is leading the market i.e what are the market share of both companies and what are the tactics used by the leader which make them able to control and influence the market. This research required us to conduct the consumer research, retail survey and interview the marketing managers of both Pepsi Cola and Coca-cola companies so as accomplish the objectives mentioned above. Our research is qualitative and longitudinal in nature and the methodology used to accomplish objectives are surveys, questionnaires and interviews. We have conducted the thorough consumer analysis based on sample size of 200 people from Clifton Karachi to check out consumer preference. We have also looked into the retail business of beverages to find out the supply chain efficiency of both the companies. We have visited both companies offices here in Karachi and interview marketing executives to find out what they think about current situation and what marketing strategies they are perusing in order to gain the maximum out of the industry Finally report concludes the findings and gives recommendations to both these companies so to what measure they should take and on what strategy to focus more. TABLE OF CONTENT 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW 1 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT 2 1.3 OBJECTIVE 3 1.4 RESEARCH METHOD 4 2. MARKETING CONCEPT IN GENERAL 4 2.1 MARKETING 4 2.2 MARKETING STRATEGIE 2.3 MARKETING MIX AND PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE 6 2.4 SWOT ANALYSIS 8 2.5 CONSUMER BEHAVIOR 9 3 COMPANY PROFILE 10 3.1 PEPSI COLA 10 3.2 COCA COLA 11 4. MARKETING STRATEGIES OF PEPSI AND COKE 11 4.1 INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO 11 4.2 PAKISTANI SCENARIO 14 4.2.1 COCA-COLA 14 4.2.2 PEPSI-COLA 20 4.3 RETAIL SURVEYS 24 4.3.1 AGHA SUPER MARKET 24 4.3.2 EBCO 25 4.3.3 PARADISE STORE 25 4.3.4 MOTTAS 26 5. CONSUMER PREFERENCES 27 6. RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATION 32 7. REFERENCES 33 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1.1 BACKGROUND Market share that any organization holds can be defined as the percentage of total market size that is being served by that company or in more formal language it is â€Å"the proportion of industry sales of a good or service that is controlled by a company.† Customers are the most important for every organization; every organization tries not only to retain satisfied customers but also tries to increase its customer base as much as possible which we have described as market share. It is the primary function of marketing department of any company to analyze its potential customers, make their demand fulfill and compete with its competitors. Same is the case with the beverage industry. In the beverage industry we have two names worldwide which are Coca Cola and Pepsi Cola. These brands are world famous and can be called as the perfect substitute of each other. Pepsi cola was first introduced in 1898 but it was begun selling its product internationally in 1934. PepsiCo, Inc. was founded in 1965 through the merger of Pepsi-Cola and Frito-Lay. Its 2006 revenues are more than $35 billion and more than 157,000 employees. Coca Cola was established on may 8,1886 by Dr John Stith pembuton. The newly founded corporation assumed the name of â€Å"THE COCA COLA COMPANY† IN 1892. Coca cola ranking in fortune 500 is 89 among 500 best companies and its revenue were $ 23 104 millions in 2005. [fortune 500,2006] Global soft drink industry is quite concentrated. Long dominated by two companies, Coca-Cola Co. and PepsiCo. Basically industry consist of mainly three companies the third is Cadbury Schweppes acquired the Dr. Pepper and 7UP brands in 1995. Three firms accounted for 90% of the U.S. soft drink market in 1998 vs. 2000. According to a survey in 2002 the top one was still Coca-Cola with market share of 44% in 2000, next was PepsiCo with 30.9% share. Dr.Pepper 7UP went down slightly in 2000 at 14.4%.[echeat.com,march 2007] Coca-Cola and PepsiCo experienced a 0.6% drop in soft-drink volume in 2006, significantly steeper than a 0.2% slip in 2005, on waning consumer interest in core brands Coca-Cola Classic and Pepsi-Cola. Volume for caffeinated energy drinks increased. The $70 billion annual beverage market in the U.S. is now consisted of offerings well beyond traditional soft drinks, including sports beverages, bottled water and premium coffees. Coca colas soft-drink market share slid to 42.9% from 43.1% in 2005, while PepsiCos fell to 31.2% from 31.4%. The share of British rival Cadbury Schweppes, which markets Dr. Pepper and 7Up, gained 0.3 percentage point and reached to 14.9%. While Coke and Pepsis namesake brands lost some percentage points in volume, their smaller brands did well. Pepsis Diet Mountain Dew gained 8.5% and Cokes Fanta brand gained 7% increase. Several new products fell flat in the marketplace, like Pepsi Vanilla and Vanilla Coke. The two companies responded to the second consecutive annual volume decline by changing their strategy to roll out a wide range of noncarbonated products.[wall street journal, 2007] In Pakistan scenario we did not find any report that can give us information about the market shares of these two favorite brands, and we have as such no information about who is leading the market. We went to szabist library, we did not find any report on pepsi and coke market shares and on their competition. Based on this literature review and since no such work we found on this topic we have developed the research problem as under. 1.2 Research problem Coke v/s Pepsi : Race for the highest market share While beverage industry is on a boost in Pakistan, both coke and Pepsi have to review there marketing strategies in order to gain the maximum share out of the 120 million cases market. Here the purpose of our research is to find out whether either Pepsi or coke is currently leading the market in Pakistan, and how have they achieved it, following what marketing strategy and product lines and how they are going to maintain there share in the market in future. Are consumers satisfied? If not, what steps should be taken by both these giant companies and what are they doing for society? 1.3 Objectives: These are following objectives which we will be focusing in our report. To find out the marketing strategies of Coke and Pepsi. To find out the impacts of marketing strategies of both the companies on their consumers. To explore the market shares of Pepsi and Coke in Pakistan. To find out what customer prefer while selecting a particular beverage. To find out what percentage of total market is covered by other international and local beverages. 1.4 Research Methodology: a) Type of Study: This is a comparative study of observing the two giant competitors Pepsi vs. Coke , this research can be categorized as qualitative as well as longitudinal, here we will be using graphs, bars, pi-chart and analyzing the market shares, growth prospects, customer’s loyalties, and marketing strategies of two well known beverage companies. b) Data Collection: We will be using both primary and secondary sources of data collection. Our primary source of data for this research will be interviews with managers of two companies, questionnaires, interviews with employees and customers, we will also go to retail stores and take interviews and fill out questionnaires. Secondary sources of data are internet surfing, companies’ annual reports, manuals journals and books. Our sample size will be filling out questionnaires from 200 students of szabist customers. c) Sample Size Procedure We are using the convenience sampling method and our locality is Clifton, we will distribute 200 questionnaires to student of Szabist. We will go to conduct interview in 5 well known retail stores of Clifton. We will also arrange the interview with the marketing head of the two companies. 2 MARKETING CONCEPTS IN GENERAL 2.1 MARKETING: It is a task of creating, promoting, and delivering goods and service to consumer and business. Marketers are skilled in stimulating demand or company’s product, but this is to limit a view of the task marketer performs. Just as production and logistic professional are responsible for supply management, marketer is responsible for demand management. Marketing manager seeks to influence the level, timing, and composition of demand to meet the organization objective. Eight different state demands and the corresponding task facing marketing manager: negative demand, no demand, latent demand, decline demand, irregular demand, full demand overfull demand unwholesome demand Marketing people are involved in marketing 10 types of entities: goods, services, experience, events, person, place, properties, organization, information and idea. â€Å"MARKETING IS CONCIEVING AND PRODUCING† This is an general view about marketing but there are two types of definition of marketing: The social definition shows the role marketing plays in society. It is a societal process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating, oaring and freely exchanging product and service and value with others. According to managerial perspective, it is an art of selling a product but most people are surprised when they hear that most important part of marketing is not selling! Selling is n tip of the marketing ice burg. There are several different concepts in marketing like as follows: Target marketing ad segmentation: a marketer rarely satisfies everyone in a market. Not every one likes the same soft drink, hotel room, and restaurant. Therefore marketer starts by dividing the market. They identify and profile distinct groups of buyer who might prefer varying product and servicing mixes. Market Segment is examining demographic, psychographic, and behavioral differences among buyer. The marketer decides which segment gives the more opportunity it is a target market or each chosen target market the firm develops a market offering. The offering is positioned in the mind of the target buyer as delivering some central benefits. Product, Offering, and brand: companies address needs by putting forth a value proposition, a set of benefits they offer to customer to satisfy their needs. The intangible value propositioned is made physical by an offering, which can be combination of products, services, information and experiences. A brand is an offering from a known source. A brand name Pepsi carries many associations in the mind of people. Value and Satisfaction: the offering will be successful if it is deliver value and satisfaction to the target buyer. The buyer chooses between different offering on the basis of which is perceived to deliver the most value. Value is the combination of quality, service and price. We can also say that the value is a ratio between what customer gets and what he gives. Supply Chain: the supply chain describe a longer channel stretching from the raw material to component to the finished goods that are carried to the final buyer. Example: the supply chain of women purse start with hides, and moves through tanning operation, cutting operation, manufacturing and marketing channel bringing product to customers. When companies acquire competitors or moves upstream or downstream, its aim is to capture a higher percentage of supply chain value. Competition: it includes all the actual and potential rival offerings and substitute that a buyer might consider. There are four level of competition based on the degree of product substitutability: ? Brand competition ? Industry competition ? Form competition ? Generic competition. [Kotler, Marketing Management, 2002] 2.2 MARKETING STRETAGIES: The strategic plan defines the companies overall mission and objectives. Consumer stands in the center. The goal is to build strong and profitable relationship. Marketing strategy is a logic by which the company hopes to achieves its profitable relationship. Through market segmentation, targeting, and positioning the company decide which customer it will serve and how, then divide it into smaller segment, select the most promising segment. Companies need customer centered. They win customer from competitor, then keep and grow them by delivering greater value. But before, it can satisfy consumer, a company must first understand their need and wants. Thus, sound marketing require a careful customer analysis. 2.3 MARKETING MIX: when company decides all their marketing strategy, it is ready to begin planning the detail of marketing mix, it is the main concept in marketing. The set of controllable, tactical marketing tools product, price, place, and promotion- that the firm blends to produce the response it wants in the target market The marketing mix consist of every thing the firm can do influence the demand of there product. It is also called â€Å"4P’s†: product, price, place, and promotion. Product: it means the good and services combination the company offers to the target market. Price: it is amount of money customer have to pay to obtain the product. Place: it includes company activities that make the product available to target consumer Promotion: it means activities that communicate the merit of the product and persuade target customer to buy it. An effective marketing program blends the entire marketing mix- element in to a coordinated program designed to achieve the company’s marketing objective by deliver value to consumer. It is the company tactical tool kit for establishing strong positioning in target market. Here another thing is important the four P’s concept takes the seller’s point of view of the market from the buyer perspective it can be described 4 C’s: customer solution, customer cost, convenience, communication. Marketer see themselves as selling product, customer see themselves as buying value or solution to their problem. And customer are interested in more than just price; they are interested in the total cost of obtaining, using, and disposing of a product. Customers want the product and service to be conveniently available as possible. And last, they want two way communications. Marketer would do well to think through the four c’s first and then build the four p’s on that platform. [Kotler, Principle of Marketing, 2002] PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE: a product processes through series of stages from introduction to growth, maturity and decline. For example, a seed is planted (introduction); it begins to sprout (growth); it shoots out leaves and puts down roots as it becomes an adult (maturity); after a long period as an adult the plant begins to shrink and die out (decline). In theory its same as products. INTRODUCTION STAGE: in introduction stage, the firm build product awareness. Its impact on marketing mix as follows: Products: branding and quality level is established and intellectual property protection such as patent and trade marks are obtained. Price: low penetration pricing to build market share rapidly. Distribution: it is selective until consumer show acceptance the product. Promotion: it is aimed at innovator and early adaptor. Marketing communication to build product awareness and educate potential consumer about the product. GROWTH STAGE: in growth stage firms develop brand preference and increase market share. Product: quality is maintained and additional features and support service may be added. Pricing: it is maintained as the firm enjoys increasing demand and little competition. Distribution: distribution channel are added as demand increase and customer accept the product. Promotion: it aimed to broader audience. MATURITY STAGE: in this stage strong growth in sales is diminish. Competition may appear with similar product. The primary objective at this point is to defined market share while maximizing profit. Product: features may be enhanced to differentiate the product from that of competitor. Price: it is lower because of new competition. Distribution: become more intensive and incentives may be offered to encourages preference over competing product. Promotion: emphasis on product differentiation. DECLINE STAGE: sales decline, firm has several options. Maintaining product, possibly rejuvenating it by adding new features and finding new uses. Harvest the product- reduce cost and continue to offer it, possibly to be loyal niche segment. Discontinue the product, liquidating new inventory or selling it to another firm that is willing to continue the product. Marketing mix of the decline stage will depend on the selected strategy. For example: the product may be changed if it is rejuvenated, or left unchanged if it is harvested. Price may be maintained if the product is harvested, or reduced drastically if it is liquidated. [ Quick MBA, 2006] 2.4 SWOT ANALYSIS: Over all evaluation o the company’s strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat is called SWOT analysis [Kotler, Marketing Management, July 2002] INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTOR: The aim of any SWOT analysis is to identify the key internal and external factors that are important to achieving the objective. SWOT analysis groups key pieces of information into two main categories: Internal factors The strengths and weaknesses internal to the organization. External factors The opportunities and threats presented by the external environment. The internal factors may be viewed as strengths or weaknesses depending upon their impact on the organizations objectives. What may represent strengths with respect to one objective may be weaknesses for another objective. The factors may include all of the 4Ps; as well as personnel, finance, manufacturing capabilities, and so on. The external factors may include macroeconomic matters, technological change, legislation, and socio-cultural changes, as well as changes in the marketplace or competitive position. SWOT analysis is just one method of categorization and has its own weaknesses. For example, it may tend to persuade companies to compile lists rather than think about what is really important in achieving objectives. It also presents the resulting lists uncritically and without clear prioritization so that, for example, weak opportunities may appear to balance strong threats. It is prudent not to eliminate too quickly any candidate SWOT entry. The importance of individual SWOTs will be revealed by the value of the strategies it generates. A SWOT item that produces valuable strategies is important. A SWOT item that generates no strategies is not important. [ Wikipedia, 20 march 2007] 2.5 CONSUMER BEHAVIOR: it is refer to the buying behavior of final consumer i.e. individual and house hold who buy goods and services or personal consumption. All of these final consumers combine to make up the consumer market. Consumer around the world very tremendously in age, income, education level, and taste. They also buy incredible variety of goods and services. How these diverse consumers connect with each other and with other element of the world around them impact their choices among various products, services, ad companies. MODEL OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR: consumer makes buying decision every day. Most of the large company’s research consumer buying decision in great detail to answer question about what consumer buy. Where they buy, how much they buy, when they buy, marketer can study actual consumer purchases to find out what they buy. Where and how much. Penetrating the dark recesses of the consumer‘s is not an easy task. Often consumers themselves don’t know exactly what influence their purchase. The central question for marketer is; how does consumer respond to various marketing efforts the company might use? The starting point is the stimulus- response model of buyer behavior, it tells that marketing and other stimuli enter the consumer black box and produce a certain result. Marketer must figure out what is in buyer black boxes. Marketing stimuli consist o 4p’s other stimuli include major forces and events in the buyer’s environment; economical, technological, political, cultural. All these inputs enters the buyer black box, when they are turned into a set of observable buyer responses; product choice, brand choice, desire choice, purchase timing and purchase amount. The marketer wants to understand how the stimuli are changed into response inside the consumer’s black box. Which has two parts? First, the buyer’s characteristics influence how he or she perceives and react to the stimuli. Second, the buyer’s decision processes itself affect the buyer’s behavior. 3 COMPANY PROFILE: 3.1 PEPSI COLA: History 1893 Caleb Bradham, a young pharmacist from New Bern, North Carolina, begins experimenting with many different soft drink concoctions; patrons and friends sample them at his drugstore soda fountain. 1898 One of Calebs formulations, known as Brads Drink, a combination of carbonated water, sugar, vanilla, rare oils and cola nuts, is renamed Pepsi-Cola on August 28, 1898. Pepsi-Cola receives its first logo. Pepsi Cola in PAKISTAN 1959 Pepsi Cola was introduced in Pakistan but due to lack of awareness it was unsuccessful therefore the headquarters decided to windup their business in Pakistan 1963 It came again with much revised Strategy, facing a lot of difficulties in promoting there product and competing against COCA COLA which was a well established brand here in Pakistan and for that reason Pepsi once again went back 1979 Pepsi had secretly promoted its diversified products and carter to all demographic groups of Pakistan there for in with in 5 years they emerged as a market leader, having 72% of market share while COCO COLA had only 28% share. 3.2 COCA COLA: In the highly competitive world of the soft drink industry, the Coca Cola Company stands out as one of the top competitors. The company began its humble beginning in Atlanta Georgia, in the backyard of Dr.John Stith Pembuton, on May 8, 1886. The same month, the first advertisement appeared in the local newspaper. Portion of this business were sold to various partners and the remaining to the Asa G. Candler. Soon after the inventor’s death, Candler and a few other associates buy out the company to assume complete control. The newly founded corporation assumed the name â€Å"The Coca Cola Company† in 1892. And the trademark emblem is introduced to the US Patent Office. In 1916, the first â€Å"official† Coca Cola bottle was approved by the corporation. Marketing strategies begin whole heartedly in the late 20’s. Coca Cola is the first to introduce the six bottle carton. In 1945, Coke listed with the US Patent Office and soon Minute Maid was merged with the Coca Cola Company. Sprite, TABB, Mellow Yellow, Rablin’s Root Beer, and Mr. Pibb are introduced shortly after. Sprite, TABB, Mellow Yellow, Rablin’s Root Beer, and Mr. Pibb are introduced shortly after. 4 MARKETING STRETAGIES OF PEPSI VS COKE: 4.1 International Scenario Marketing Strategies of Pepsi CO: The keys to Pepsi reaching its goals are to concentrate its resources on growing its current businesses and acquiring related companies to broaden its product line. An ongoing battle for market share has existed for over 75 years. Company has tried a number of strategies to gain a sustainable competitive advantage. These strategies included: Introducing new soft drink products Diversification Aggressive advertising campaigns Pepsi must identify and implement the strategy best suited to gain the competitive advantage in the soft drink industry on a world-wide basis. Product analysis and Strategies Product Strategy:- Packaging Providing their consumers with easy-to-use, convenient and innovative containers are one of their top priorities. Package introductions theyve made over the years include the industrys first 1  ½ liter bottle; Regular, Disposable; Can. Pepsi Co. was the first company to respond to consumer preference with lightweight, recyclable, plastic bottles. These bottles are made of polyethylene terephthalate or PET plastic, which is a form of polyester used to make strong, lightweight, shatter-resistant bottles. Price Strategy In the US, Pepsi prices its products similar to those of Coca-Cola in order to keep profits high. Competition in the US is based mainly on marketing skill rather than price to help avoid costly price wars and keep profits stable. But some times Pepsi offer least cost to attract buyers as it did in New York City in 1933. Since neither of the major manufacturers would win a price war, it is unwritten rule that the companies will follow the pricing structure of the market leader, which is Coca-Cola. While this amounts to price fixing, there has been has not been any major government actions to curtail the practice so it should continue in the future. PepsiCo’s current retail prices range depending on the convenience of the location in which they are located and depending on the size of the soft drink container. On average, a 12 ounce can is between $.25 $.99, a 20 ounce plastic bottle is between $.50 and $1.29, and a 2 liter plastic bottle is between $.50 and $1.95. Promotion Strategy Pepsi promotes its products in a many ways, but focuses mainly on getting products associated with entertainment icons that appeal to youth. The first major use of this technique was the signing of Michael Jackson as spokesperson in 1984. His worldwide appeal allowed Pepsi to attract customers in the US and foreign countries. Pepsi has followed this strategy by signing other pop music stars like Lionel Ritchie and, Tina Turner. Two other areas of entertainment that have been used by Pepsi to promote its brands are sports and movies. Sports are a popular source of entertainment throughout the world and is a using it to promote the brand is a main focus of Pepsi. Since sporting events are seen many times by fans, it provides a good opportunity to increase brand recognition. Movie stars are also popular throughout the world and are greatly admired by people, so using them in advertising has a positive effect brand image. Place (Distribution) Strategy Distribution is an important aspect of success in the beverage industry. Since the cola companies want to focus on making syrup and marketing, they need to have strong, loyal bottlers. This is especially the case in foreign markets where the cola companies fiercely battle for good bottlers. The building of bottlers through joint ventures and the increased maintenance of current bottler relationship should be the main focus of Pepsi’s international marketing. One of Coca-Cola’s major strength’s is its ability to build relationships with its bottlers. Coca-Cola is very methodical in making sure that its bottlers are happy, while Pepsi has been known for neglecting its bottlers. This is one area that Pepsi must improve if it is going to take market share away from Coca-Cola. Marketing Strategies of Coke: The Company is guided by six strategic priorities and four principles of citizenship. Their strategic priorities outline how they seek to create value as they continue to pursue growth. Their six strategic priorities are: Accelerated soft drink growth, led by the coca cola Selectively broaden their family of beverage brand drive to profitable growth Growth system profitability and capability together with their bottling partners Serve customers with creativity and consistency to generate growth across all channels Direct investment to highest potential area across market Drive efficiency and cost effectiveness every where. At The Coca-Cola Company, sustainable success means operating responsibly and creating enduring economic value that serves their business and their share owners well. As they continue to listen, learn and build, they strive for a model that is relevant, industry-specific, systematic and as attainable as it is accountable. The elements on which they focus are broad and varied: Promoting ethical management Fostering a holistic understanding of their business Cultivating talent and diversity of though Developing intrinsic knowledge of the cultures and countries where we do business Using financial resources with insight, focus and care Helping improve the quality of life in their communities Listening and responding to stakeholder concerns Reinvesting to perpetuate the best of their ideas and values Managing their environmental impact responsibly 4.2 PAKISTANI SCENARIO: 4.2.1 COCA-COLA SURVEY Coca-cola’s inception in Pakistan relates to the year 1950 when it was introduced in Pakistan for the very first time. Since then, it operated in Pakistan as a franchise and became the market leader as there was no competition then. Coca-cola leaded the market for some 37 years but then its share succumbed to the fierce competition with Pepsi-cola, another US based beverage and fast food selling company who started operations in Pakistan in 1960. In 1996, coca-cola started operating as a multinational in Pakistan and took over all the franchise business prevailing since its inception. Since then, maintaining its share in the market became a nightmare for coca-cola. Being a multinational, it has to pay millions as taxes to the government i.e. almost 3 times as much as Pepsi pays. Pay scales at coca-cola are much higher than that at Pepsi; the difference is about 30%. There is a lot of commission being paid to the retailers, the setup appliances includes a refrigerator and a fridge which costs around Rs.68000 per setup. Being a multinational, decision making is slow because of organizational structure and hierarchy. It takes three years to regain a contract with a retailer if lost once. According to coca-cola Pakistan ltd. The main problem that they are facing lies in its supply chain process and its limited resources that refrains it from advertising as much as other competitors do. For resolving the advertisement problem, coca-cola has outsourced its advertisement and publicity. For supply chain, cities are divided into sectors and sub-sectors for instant access and deliveries, has doubled the staff and restructuring the company for a faster recovery. Political and environment factors have hit coca-cola very badly in Pakistan. According to them, Pepsi has an edge over them because they are operating as a franchise and not as multinational so it helps reduce them taxes which is a big difference. Coca-cola uses a short term marketing plan which lasts for 6 to 12 months with changes keep coming. Coca-cola Pakistan admits that currently the market share of coca-cola is 28% which is very low as compared to Pepsi that stands at 70%. Coca-cola is hopeful that the above mentioned problems if resolved would help them come back into the business but it would take sometime. The company has still a substantial growth rate in the country i.e. 25%. flexible and willing to change to satisfy consumers’ needs, has enabled Coca-Cola to exploit the economies of scale that was gained by its global marketing and at the same time making its products appeal to local taste, which these have earned the company an enormous profits quarterly. As Coca-Cola has expanded over the decades or even nearly a century, the company has benefited from the various cultural insights and perspectives of the societies in which business is done. No doubt of the remarkable experience it has, it is still very committed to local markets, to paying attention to what people from different cultures and backgrounds like to drink, and where and how they like to drink it, to remain competitive and to develop more new drinks to satisfy its markets. Now, the estimated brand equity of Coca-Cola is $84billion, market share of more than 50 percent in beverage industry globally and about 70 percent of its income comes from countries outside United States. Every 10 seconds, 126,000 people in the whole world, choose to reach out for one of The Coca-Cola Company brands, and it is the company’s mission to make that choice exciting and satisfying, every single time. Not only to make great drinks, Coca-Cola is also determined to contribute to communities around the world through its commitments to education, health, wellness, and diversity and consistently shaping its business decisions to improve the quality of life in the communities in which the company do business. SWOT ANALYSIS COCA-COLA CO. Internal Factors Strengths Weaknesses Management More structured/formal hierarchy Slow Decision making Product Line Unique, tastes good, competitive price Low on availability Marketing Low costs due to outsourcing Low budget for Marketing Personnel International, diverse positions Possible conflicts due to so many people Finance High sales revenue, high sale growth, large capital base. High tax payments Manufacturing Low costs and liabilities due to self supplying capability Lose control on inventory control and distribution Research Development Continuous efforts to research trends and reinforce creativity. May concentrate too much on existing products, External Factors Opportunities Threats Consumer/ Social Huge market in the healthy products and growing market for soft drinks Low availability might looses consumer loyalty. Competitive Distinctive name, product and packaging in with regards to its markets. Not entirely patentable, constant attack by competitors. Technological Internet promotion such as banner ads and keywords can increase their sales, more computerized manufacturing and ordering processes can increase their efficiency. Computer breakdowns, viruses and hackers can reduce efficiency, and must constantly update products or other competitors will be more advanced. Economic Consumer income is moderate, more tend to eat out, convenience is important to people Very elastic demand, almost pure competition. Legal/ Regulatory Opportunity to win hearts through social responsibility Opposite is also possible MARKETING STRATEGIES COCA-COLA CO. In 2005, the Company established the SEVEN plans for our success. As the Company executes these priorities around the world, we are guided by the following operating principles: 1. The consumer is at the center of everything we do. 2. We will strengthen and protect our core branded beverage business by building global brands. 3. Relevance and differentiation are the basis of our competitive advantage. 4. We will sustain our success by creating new ways to deliver value through innovation. 5. Resource allocation will be determined by the potential for opportunity-driven growth. 6. Our actions will be guided by entrepreneurship, speed-to-market and prudent risk-taking. 7. We will create value beyond our bottom line in every community in which we operate. Six Strategic Priorities That Coca-Cola Follows: 1. Accelerate carbonated soft drink growth lead by coca-cola 2. Selectively broaden our family of beverage brands to drive profitable growth 3. Grow system profitability and compatibility together with our bottling partners 4. Serve customers with creativity and consistency to generate growth across different channels 5. Direct investments to highest potential areas across markets 6. Drive efficiency and cost effectiveness everywhere Marketing Mix Coca-Cola Co. Product Strategy:- Packaging They provide with consumers with easy-to-use, convenient and innovative competitive containers as one of their top benefits. Like pepsi, it has also introdued disposable plastic bottles as well as regular and jumbo size bottles with different price ranges in order to cater to the customers belonging to different income groups in the society that prevails in Pakistan, with lightweight, recyclable, plastic bottles. Pricing Coke prices its products similar to those of Pepsi in order to keep profits high. Competition in the industry is based mainly on marketing skill rather than price to help avoid costly price wars and keep profits stable. Since neither of the major manufacturers would win a price war, it is unwritten rule that the companies will follow the pricing structure of the market leader like Pepsi in Pakistan. While this amount to price fixing, there has not been any major government actions to curtail the practice so it should continue in the future. Coke-Co’s current retail prices ranges are similar to those of pepsi due to competition and s depending on the convenience of the location in which they are located and depending on the size of the soft drink container. On average, a 330ML can is between Rs20 – 25, 500ML plastic bottle is between Rs.20 and 25, and a 1 an a half liter plastic bottle is between Rs.40 and 45. PROMOTION Coke does not promote its products as often as pepsi does because of lack of resources as it pays millions in taxes being a multinational. Like pepsi, coke also Promote its products in a many ways, but focuses mainly on getting products associated with entertainment icons that appeal to youth. Coke also has followed this strategy by signing other bollywood stars like Aamir Khan and other acters/actresses. Some of the ways in which Coke attracts consumers are: Discounts ( RAMDAN Offers) In-Store Displays – Signs, banners etc. Sponsorship – sports teams/clubs/events Place (Distribution) Strategy Distribution is an important aspect of success in the beverage industry. But the problem with coca-cola Pakistan is that the distribution and placement of the product is very slow due to the fact that decisions at coca-cola takes time. The problem is being solved by doubling the number of sales guys and dividing cities into sectors and sub sectors so as to Approach retailers as soon as they join the market and meet the demand properly. 4.2.2 PEPSI-COLA SURVEY Pepsi-cola’s inception in Pakistan relates back to the year 1959, when coca-cola had already established itself as a well known and demanded product in the country. Due to lack of awareness and strong coca-cola loyalty pepsi was forced to quit operations in Pakistan soon. But pepsi did not give up and came back again in 1963, but again it faced difficulty in entering the market and was pushed back again. In 1973, while coca-cola was enjoying its full share in the market, Pepsi secretly started to promote its products and catered to all demographic groups in Pakistan and took over the market within 5 years of its operations. Pepsi says the reasons for its success are mainly due to the fact that it operated as a franchise system while coca-cola was took over by coca-cola international and became a multinational. Pepsi says unlike coca-cola, they cater to a much larger segment because of their diversified product lines which doesn’t limit them to soft drinks but to mineral water, Juices and fast foods as well. Pepsi says one of their greatest edges over coca-cola lies in there franchised operations that allows them to take quick and spontaneous decisions which coca-cola cannot because of there organizational hierarchy that slows the process of decision making. The taxes that Pepsi-cola saves being operating as franchise enables it to focus more on advertisements and promotions of their products. Availability and meeting the demand is one key factor that contributes to Pepsi-cola’s success in Pakistan. Reaching the retailers sooner than coca-cola can and finalizing deals in no time, Pepsi enjoys its lead time benefit over coke. SWOT ANALYSIS PEPSI CO. Internal Factors Strengths Weaknesses Management Experienced, broad base of interests and knowledge Large size may lead to conflicting interests Product Line Unique, tastes good, competitive price, and convenient New one calorie products have no existing customer base, generic brands can make similar drinks – cheaper Marketing Diverse global awareness May lose focus, may not be segmented enough. Personnel International, diverse positions Possible conflicts due to so many people, possible trouble staying focused. Finance High sales revenue, high sale growth, large capital base. High expenses may have trouble balancing cash-flows of such a large operation. Manufacturing Low costs and liabilities due to outsourcing of bottling. Lose control and quality standards. Research Development Continuous efforts to research trends and reinforce creativity. May concentrate too much on existing products, intrapreneuralship may not be welcomed. External Factors Opportunities Threats Consumer/ Social Huge market in the healthy products and growing market for specialized foods for ethnic groups. More expensive products than Coke, such a high price may limit lower income families from buying a Pepsi product. Competitive Distinctive name, product and packaging in with regards to its markets. Not entirely patentable, constant attack by competitors. Technological Internet promotion such as banner ads and keywords can increase their sales, more computerized manufacturing and ordering processes can increase their efficiency. Computer breakdowns, viruses and hackers can reduce efficiency, and must constantly update products or other competitors will be more advanced. Economic Consumer income is moderate, more tend to eat out, convenience is important to consumers. Very elastic demand, almost pure competition. Legal/ Regulatory Opportunity to win hearts through social responsibility Opposite is also possible Marketing Mix Pepsi Co. Packaging Providing their consumers with easy-to-use, convenient and innovative containers are one of their top priorities. Package introductions theyve made over the years include the industrys first 1 ½ liter bottle; Regular, Disposable; Can. Pepsi Co. was the first company to respond to consumer preference with lightweight, recyclable, plastic bottles. These bottles are made of polyethylene terephthalate or PET plastic, which is a form of polyester used to make strong, lightweight, shatter-resistant bottles. Price Strategy Pepsi prices its products similar to those of Coca-Cola in order to keep profits high. Competition in the is based mainly on marketing skill rather than price to help avoid costly price wars and keep profits stable. But some times Pepsi offer least cost to attract buyers as it did in New York City in 1933. Since neither of the major manufacturers would win a price war, it is unwritten rule that the companies will follow the pricing structure of the market leader. While this amount to price fixing, there has not been any major government actions to curtail the practice so it should continue in the future. PepsiCo’s current retail prices range depending on the convenience of the location in which they are located and depending on the size of the soft drink container. On average, a 330ML can is between Rs20 – 25, 500ML plastic bottle is between Rs.20 and 25, and a 1 an a half liter plastic bottle is between Rs.40 and 45. Promotion Strategy Pepsi promotes its products in a many ways, but focuses mainly on getting products associated with entertainment icons that appeal to youth. The first major use of this technique was the signing of Pakistan cricket team as celebrities. Pepsi has followed this strategy by signing other pop music stars like junaid jamshed and other singers. Two other areas of entertainment that have been used by Pepsi to promote its brands are sports and movies. Sports are a popular source of entertainment throughout the world and is a using it to promote the brand is a main focus of Pepsi. Since sporting events are seen many times by fans, it provides a good opportunity to increase brand recognition. Movie stars are also popular throughout the world and are greatly admired by people, so using them in advertising has a positive effect brand image. Some of the ways in which Pepsi attract consumers are:  ¨ Free Samples ( New product – DEW)  ¨ Discounts ( RAMDAN Offers)  ¨ In-Store Displays – Signs, banners etc.  ¨ Entertainment – Games with free T-shirts, Pepsi points under the cap etc.  ¨ Sponsorship – sports teams/clubs/events Place (Distribution) Strategy Distribution is an important aspect of success in the beverage industry. Since the cola companies want to focus on making syrup and marketing, they need to have strong, loyal bottlers. This is especially the case in foreign markets where the cola companies fiercely battle for good bottlers. The building of bottlers through joint ventures and the increased maintenance of current bottler relationship should be the main focus of Pepsi’s international marketing. One of Coca-Cola’s major strength’s is its ability to build relationships with its bottlers. Coca-Cola is very methodical in making sure that its bottlers are happy, while Pepsi has been known for neglecting its bottlers. This is one area that Pepsi must improve if it is going to take market share away from Coca-Cola. Product is distributed through PepsiCo distribution centers. The distributor delivers it to the grocery retailers, vending companies, restaurants, and warehouse/club stores. The distribution segments can be broken down into the following: Convenience Stores and Gas Stations: 12% of the market Vending Companies: 11% of the market Restaurants: 20% of the market Warehouse/Club Stores: 6% of the market Super Markets and Retail Stores: 51% of the market. 4.2.3 RETAIL SURVEYS: For the purpose of investigating which brand is more popular and which brand holds more markets share it is necessary to go to place where people buy from which are retail stores. Since we have selected Clifton and for retail surveys we have selected 5 well known stores in the locality. We conducted interviews and asked several questions from them relating to our purpose of study. The questionnaire we have developed can also be found in appendices. 4.2.3.1 AGHA SUPER MARKET: Agha super market a well known name among super markets of Karachi is located at Shawn circle and has been doing business there for 30 years. The person whom we talk to belong to the purchasing department of Agha super market . In answering to our questions the revealed the following precious information to us. In addition to keeping whole family of both pepsi and coke they also keep energy drinks, imported juices and Pakola. According to them the margins they receive from Pepsi and Coke are similar and both give same incentives on selling particular amount of bottles in a month, but Pepsi used to give more in past. According to them customers like both and alternatively take if one is not available but still the demand for Pepsi is noticeably higher than Coke and that’s the reason they stock more Pepsi than Coke. They also told us that they allow to set up kiosk out of store to any one who wants to run promotion campaigns, like they told us they gave for Aquafina promotion. They told us that since Coke is not giving equal margins on Kinley like Pepsi on its Aquafina so they are not keeping Coke’s water. The reason they told us about the high demand of Pepsi is their rigorous and high budget on advertising through which they are able to influence their customers. They usually play emotional tactics by taking national heros in their advertisements and also create some adventure situations which help them create specific image in customers mind. The person whom we talked to told us that if beverage market is of 10,000 bottles than 6000 is covered by Pepsi, 3000 covered by Coke and remaining 10% is divided among imported juices, energy drinks, and Dr Pepper of Cadbury Schweppes Americas Beverages. 4.2.3.2 EBCO: EBCO is also in the tuff competition with other supermarkets in Clifton and located in the famous Forum mall. The person who talked with us in investigating about the marketing share of both the companies is tore manager. He shared with us following information. They also keep imported juices, energy drinks and Pakola in addition with keeping families of Pepsi and Coke. They also shared the same information that other stores provided us that both give same margins and incentives. They also do not keep Kinley of Coke due to same reason that Coke does not give equal margins as Pepsi gives on its Aquafina. They keep more stock of Pepsi than Coke due to the same reason that Pepsi is asked more than than Coke. In answering to question, what is their opinion why Pepsi is asked more than Coke, They said that Pepsi is well established brand in market and its due to is heavy advertisement that helped Pepsi to gain more market share than Coke they also shared that Pepsi high shares is also due to the unavailability in the market . They told us that Coke sales in their store is half of Pepsi. 4.2.3.3 MOTTAS: Is a well known retail store located near Shawn circle have been operating for more than 20 years and have 2 floors. The information they have shared with us were as under. They keep with them Pakola, Dr Pepper and imported juices other than Pepsi and Coke. The complete family of Coke and Pepsi is kept at their store and mostly upper class makes purchases of these beverages. Pepsi is sold more as comparatively. The ratio is like 5000 bottles of Pepsi and 2200 bottles of Coke are sold in a month (assumption made by the interviewee). The reason why Pepsi is sold more is according to them, it is due to the Pepsi’s brand name and their effective marketing campaigns. Talking about the margins given by Pepsi and Coke they disclosed both give almost same margins but Coke some times give them more to make retailer sell its product more but due to the high demand they keep Pepsi more. They keep Aquafina of Pepsi but not kinley of Coke because Coke is not giving good margins on its water. 4.2.3.4 PARADISE STORE: This store is also located at Shawn circle and just near to well known Agha super market and has been operated for 25 years.The person whom we spoke with is Mr Aslam belong to the purchasing department of Paradise store. The information they disclosed is as under. They do not keep any other brnads than Pepsi and Coke. They keep their whole family, energy drinks and imported juices.They also revealed that Pepsi is sold more as compare to Coke and the assumption they made is, like if 10,000 bottles of Pepsi are sold than only 5200 bottles of Coke are sold in month. Normally educated and upper class spends on these beverages and the reason why Pepsi’s sales are more in their opinion is due to their heavy and effective advertising campaigns and their supply chain and reason why Coke is not sold more is due to their un effective supply chain they told us that although it is available in supermarkets but it is hard to find at other places that is the reason the brand which people find more they stick to it. Both the brands give same margins and both give almost same incentives if particular sales level are achieved by the store.They also gave the same reason why they do not keep Kinley of Coke is Coke gives less margins than Pepsi gives on Aq uafina.. From the retail surveys we can conclude first that market share of Pepsi is double than the Coke’s share. The information which almost every retailer told us is that Coke’s share is half, every one told us that Pepsi sales are some where around 60% Coke’s sales are 30% and other drinks like fresh juices, imported energy drinks and Dr Pepper comprise 10% of total. 6 CONSUMER SURVEY ANALYSIS CONSUMER LIKES DISLIKES consumers when asked about their likeness and dislike ness for soft drinks in general, 90% said they like it and 10% said they don’t like and use them. Frequency of consumption When asked the question, how frequently do they use/consume soft drinks, it was known that majority were daily consumers i.e 48% of the males and 40% of the females. Attachment/association with the brand When asked the question of attachment with a particular company, our research gave us the following results. Males are more attached to Pepsi-cola with 52% while females more attached to coca-cola with 49%. Consumer preferences When asked about consumer preferences, sample analysis showed quite an amazing result i.e. coca-cola beat Pepsi-cola in both male/female samples with a 50% weight age in males and 51% weight age in females. Reason for likeness/dislike ness When asked the question that what makes them choose between a Pepsi-cola and a coca-cola product, the basic reason that came out to be very strong was the taste with 52% weight age in males and 67% of females. Followed by availability with 17% in males and 10% in females. Distribution of preference to other products of Pepsi-cola When we tried to find out the distribution of consumer preferences over other Pepsi products we got mountain dew to be the number one among males with 31% and seven-up among females with 27% of the sample. Distribution of preference to other products of coca-cola When we tried to find out the distribution of consumer preferences over other coke products we got sprite to be the number one among males and females with 39% of the sample. ` Conclusion of consumer survey We would hereby conclude the survey results specifying reasons given by people included in the survey as to why do they like or dislike coca-cola, pepsi-cola and there different brands/products. Coca-cola The reason for likeness among people as for coca-cola itself is quite common, â€Å"The great taste† it has which they love and which they cannot forget. People say they like the hard taste which is much better than the sweet childish taste that Pepsi has. The second reason that was explored from the sample analysis was that people are too loyal to the brand they like when it comes to coca-cola. Coca-cola’s absence in the market doesn’t seem to have brought a great impact on preferences of coca-cola customers; they still remember the taste and keep searching for it. They don’t want to switch to any other brand in the market. Another reason for coke’s likeness is its quality. For people who value quality in a product says if we like coke, its because it’s a tasty quality products. However, research reveals some reasons for disliking coke also. A very basic reason is that the product has failed to prove its image in the minds of religious minded people in Pakistan as they think coca-cola supports Israel, one of their biggest enemies. The cola sentiments are more attached to coca-cola rather than Pepsi-cola as coke was introduced much earlier than Pepsi and then, it was the market leader for so many years. Availability is a big time issue for coke which is slowly becoming a reason for its bad image. As for other brands of coca-cola, sprite seemed to be the most preferred, both by males and females, reasons for its heavy demand are as per our research, good for digestion and healthy. Also, its color i.e. White, attracts people. As for Fanta, people like the refreshment part but not the color and taste that it has. Taste is sweeter and childish. Team seemed to have quite a fan club but then availability is a big problem for all coca-cola products. Currently, coke has seized its production for team. Pepsi-cola Pepsi is name that people seemed to recognize more in Pakistan. The reason being its extensive advertisement campaigns which are never ending. And this is in accordance with the sample results which showed that people are as much attached to Pepsi as they are to coke despite the fact that Pepsi was introduced much later than coke. Pepsi seemed to be earning more through its diverse product line in the beverage industry rather than its core brand Pepsi. The reason for its likeness are very common and they are one, its ready availability in the market and second, influence of celebrities shown in its advertisement campaigns seems to have earned Pepsi a great customer base. People dislike Pepsi for quite the similar reasons for which they dislike coke, i.e its support for Israel. But there are other factors as well among which its sweeter taste is not admired by many. Some people say that its not good for health specially bones and teeth. As for other products of Pepsi-cola, mountain dew seems to be very popular among males and seven up among females. People admire dew for the refreshing effects and the adventurous feeling they get because of the advertisement influences. They admire seven-up because of the healthier features related to digestion and white color that is more preferable over black. Tropicana, a relatively new brand seems to be penetrating in the market very quickly and attracting consumers at a very fast pace. Consumers say it has a nice taste with no soda and its refreshing and light because its more like a fruit juice. People dislike dew mainly because of its green color and health hazards i.e. Bad for the male fertility. Some say its taste is not that great. Seven-up is also not admired by many because of its taste. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS We hereby conclude our findings about the market share of Pepsi and coke in the beverage industry. Coke is the market challenger with a market share of 28% and with an annual growth rate of 25% in the industry, while Pepsi is the market leader with a 60% share in the industry. These findings are based on the interviews conducted with the managers of the well known super stores in the region of Clifton Karachi. However other international and local brands which includes imported energy drinks, syrups, juices and Pakola whole family which contributes to just 12% of the total beverage industry. While researching the consumer preferences, we found out some dramatic results about the demands of coke and Pepsi in the market. As per our research, coca-cola brand itself contributes a lot more in the market share of the company as compared to other products of the coca-cola company, whereas brands other than Pepsi-cola itself contribute more to the market share of the Pepsi-cola company e.g. mountain dew, seven-up, Tropicana Consumer preferences are more towards coca-cola and coca-cola has a demand more than Pepsi-cola, but only because Coca-cola failed to maintain its supply chain well and reach out customers on time, it lost hundreds of contracts to Pepsi and lost its customers. We also found out that while selecting a particular beverage, people are very specific about tastes and quality. The impact of marketing strategies on consumer behavior was noticed to be tremendous. People are loyal to their brands when it comes to coke and Pepsi but as coke failed to advertise its products as frequently as Pepsi does, people have started developing a taste for Pepsi because of the massive advertisement and the unavailability of coca-cola products in the market, and this is due to the weakness of their supply chain policies and practices and slow decision making. Our recommendations to Pepsi-cola are to keep advertising as much as possible, and keep coming up with diversified range of products so as to penetrate more and more in the industry. Keep their business to franchise system only so as to save as much taxes as possible and use the saved money on advertisements. Our recommendations to coca-cola is to improve on the availability of their products perhaps by bringing efficiency to their supply chain management or to increase staff and dividing areas into sectors and sub-sectors so as to make it up with each and every retailer in the industry. To overcome Pepsi, coke must win retail contracts and that is possible only if it gives as much benefits and margins to retailers as Pepsi does, like Pepsi is giving more margin on its aquafina than coke does on kinlay, and because of this, retailers are hesitant of keeping kinlay in stores. Another possibility to improve share in the market is to come up with more and more products in the market and increase their product line. REFRENCES Conquynho, 2006, Case study of Pepsi echeat.com/essay.php?t=31117 2007, Coke Pepsi losing market share seekingalpha.com/ Philip kotler, 2005, Principles of Marketing, 11th Ed, McGraw-hill pepsi.com/home.php coca-cola.com/index-d.html Mr. M.FAZAL RUBBI Trade Marketing Executive, Coca-Cola, Pakistan (Pvt) Ltd Mr. HANEEF Marketing Manager, Pepsi Co Pakistan (Pvt) Ltd Mr. ZAHIR Purchase Manager, AGHA’S supermarket Mr. ASIM M SIDDQUI Store Manager, EBCO, the FORUM Mr. HANIF Store Manager, MOTTA’S medical general store Mr. ASLAM Store Manager, PARADISE STORE, BIBLIOGRAPHY Conquynho, 2006, Case study of Pepsi echeat.com/essay.php?t=31117 2007, Coke Pepsi losing market share http://seekingalpha.com/ Philip kotler, 2005, Principles of Marketing, 11th Ed, McGraw-hill pepsi.com/home.php coca-cola.com/index-d.html beverage-digest.com/editorial/970718.html Parija Bhatnagar, 2005, Coke Pepsi losing the fizz cnnmoney.com Eric Eliis, 2007, Iran’s Cola war, Fortune,2-6-2006 Mr. M.FAZAL RUBBI Trade Marketing Executive, Coca-Cola, Pakistan (PVt) Ltd Mr. HANEEF Marketing Manager, Pepsi Co Pakistan (Pvt) Ltd Mr. ZAHIR Purchase Manager, AGHA’S supermarket Mr. ASIM M SIDDQUI Store Manager, EBCO, the FORUM Mr. HANIF Store Manager, MOTTA’S medical general store Mr. ASLAM Store Manager, PARADISE STORE, APPENDICES QUESTIONNAIRE MARKETING 1. How are the company’s products distributed to the market? 2. Who are your largest customers or potential customers? 3. Who are your main suppliers? 4. What are your customary trade terms? 5. Are there any anticipated significant changes to product line or services? 6. Are there any anticipated significant changes in marketing strategies, sales territories or customer base? 7. What is the company’s current market share in the soft drink market? 8. How marketing is helping company to maintain its share? 9. What significant problems, changes, growth, etc. have occurred in the industry in recent years or are predicted in future? How do these changes effect your business? 10. Who are your major/minor competitors? 11. What are the environmental/political factors affecting your company? 12. What specific marketing and selling activities are performed to increase the sales? 13. What percentage of the total advertising budget is allocated to your main products, in terms of percentage of the total budget? 14. What are the most preferred ways for advertising the products? Which one do you think is the best? 15. Do you currently have a marketing plan in place? 16. Does it cover one, two, three or more years? 17. Is it part of an overall business plan? 18. Is your marketing plan new or has it been in place for more than one year? 19. What are your main marketing strategies, on which strategy you focus more? 20. Do you find any other soft drink company as a major threat in future? 21. How do you get to know about consumer’s likings and disliking about your product? 22. Do you act pro actively or reactively with regard to changing consumer behaviors? 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